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References

  1. Dee, T. S., & Pyne, J. (2022). A community response approach to mental health and substance abuse crises reduced crime. Science Advances, 8(23), eabm2106. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9176742/

  2. Koziarski, J., O’Connor, C., & Frederick, T. (2020). Policing mental health: The composition and perceived challenges of Co-response Teams and Crisis Intervention Teams in the Canadian context. Police Practice and Research.

  3. Stastny, P., Lovell, A., Hannah, J., Goulart, D., Vasquez, A., O’Callaghan, S. & Puras, D. (2020). Crisis response as a human rights flashpoint: Critical elements of community support for individuals experiencing significant emotional distress. Health and Human Rights Journal, 22(1), 105-119.

  4. Prener, C. & Lincoln, A. (2015). Emergency medical services and “Psych Calls”: Examining the work of urban EMS providers. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 85(6), 612-619.

  5. Cotton, D., & Coleman, T. (2010). Canadian police agencies and their interactions with persons with a mental illness: A systems approach. Police Practice and Research: An International Journal, 11(4), 301-314.

  6. Ford-Jones, P., & Chaufan, C. (2017). A critical analysis of mental health calls in the prehospital setting. Inquiry: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing, 54, 1-5.

  7. Ford-Jones, P., Iheanacho, C., Rahman, M., & Adam, S. (Under review). Beyond biomedicine: A review and synthesis of alternative mental health services in a large Canadian urban landscape.

  8. Baia Medeiros, D. T., Hahn-Goldberg, S., Aleman, D. M., & O’Connor, E. (2019). Planning capacity for mental health and addiction services in the emergency department: A discrete-event simulation approach. Journal of Healthcare Engineering, 2019, 1–11.

  9. Baker, D. & Pillinger, C. (2020). ‘If you call 911 they are going to kill me’: families’ experiences of mental health and deaths after police contact in the United States. Policing and Society, 30(6), 674-687.

  10. Baker, D. & Pillinger, C. (2020). ‘These people are vulnerable, they aren’t criminals’: Mental health, the use of force and deaths after police contact in England. The Police Journal: Theory, Practice, and Principles, 93(1), 65-81.

  11. Moroz, N., Moroz, I., & D’Angelo, M. S. (2020). Mental health services in Canada: Barriers and cost- effective solutions to increase access. Healthcare Management Forum, 33(6), 282– 287.

  12. Yousif, N. (2021, April 25). Toronto approved non-police crisis response teams. This woman is trying to build them. The Toronto Star.

  13. Mulvale, G., Abelson, J., & Goering, P. (2007). Mental health service delivery in Ontario, Canada: How do policy legacies shape prospects for reform? Health Economics, Policy and Law, 2(4), 363–389.

  14. Ford-Jones, P., & Daly, T. (2020). Paramedicine and mental health: A qualitativeanalysis of limitations
    to education and practice in Ontario. The Journal of Mental Health Training, Education and Practice, 15(6), 331-345.

  15. Bartram, M., & Lurie, S. (2017). Closing the mental health gap: The long and winding road? Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health, 36(2), 5–18.

  16. Gatov, E., Strudwick, G., Wiljer, D., & Kurdyak, P. (2023). E-Mental health services in Canada: Can they close the access gap? Healthcare Policy, 19(1), 40–48.

  17. Malcoe, L., & Morrow, M. (2017). Introduction: Science, social (in)justice, and mental health. In M. Morrow, & L. Malcoe (Eds.), Critical inquiries for social justice in mental health (pp. 3–30). University of Toronto Press.

  18. Roennfeldt, H., Wyder, M., Byrne, L., Hill, N., Randall, R., & Hamilton, B. (2021). Subjective experiences
    of mental health crisis care in emergency departments: A narrative review of the qualitative literature. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(18), 9650.

  19. Boyd, J. & Kerr, T. (2016). Policing ‘Vancouver’s mental health crisis’: A critical discourse analysis.
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  20. Hartford, K., Heslop, L., Stitt, L., & Hoch, J. S. (2005). Design of an algorithm to identify persons
    with mental illness in a police administrative database. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 28, 1–11.

  21. Reavley, N., Jorm, A. & Morgan, A. (2016). Beliefs about dangerousness of people with mental health problems: The role of media reports and personal exposure to threat or harm. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 51(9), 1257-1264.

  22. Couto, J. (2018). Hearing their voices and counting them in: The place of Canadian LGBTQ police
    officers in police culture. Journal of Community Safety & Well-being, 3(3), 84-87.

  23. Jarvis, E., Kirmayer, L., Jarvis, G., Whitley, R. (2005). The role of Afro-Canadian status in police or
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  24. Meng, Y. (2014). Racially biased policing and neighborhood characteristics. A case study in Toronto, Canada. Cybergeo: European Journal of Geography, 1-24.

  25. Mfoafo-McCarthy, M. (2014). Community treatment orders and the experiences of ethnic minority
    individuals diagnosed with serious mental illness in the Canadian mental health system.
    International Journal for Equity in Health, 13(1), 69-79.

  26. Ontario Association of Chief of Police. (2022). Building relationships: A guide to policing and 2SLGBTQ+ Communities. Retrieved from https://www.oacp.ca/en/resourcesGeneral/Images/
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    Policing%20and%202SLGBTQ%20Communities_2022.pdf

  27. Ross, L., Gibson, M., Daley, A., Steele, L., Williams, C. (2018). In spite of the system: A qualitatively-driven mixed methods analysis of the mental health services experiences of LGBTQ people living in
    poverty in Ontario, Canada. PLoS ONE, 13(8) 1-23.

  28. Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2021). Thematic analysis: A practical guide. Sage Publications.

  29. Carrere, J., Vásquez-Vera, H., Pérez-Luna, A., Novoa, A. M., & Borrell, C. (2022). Housing Insecurity and Mental Health: The Effect of Housing Tenure and the Coexistence of Life Insecurities. Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 99(2), 268–276.

  30. Aubry, T., Nelson, G., & Tsemberis, S. (2015). Housing First for People with Severe Mental Illness Who
    Are Homeless: A Review of the Research and Findings From the At Home-Chez soi Demonstration
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  31. Padgett D. (2020). Homelessness, housing instability and mental health: making the connections.
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  32. Lund, C., Breen, A., Flisher, A., Kakuma, R., Corrigall, J., Joska, J., Swartz, L. & Patel, V. (2010). Poverty and common mental disorders in low and middle income countries: A systematic review. Social Science & Medicine, 71(3), 517-528.

  33. McEwen, B. S. (2008). Central effects of stress hormones in health and disease: Understanding the protective and damaging effects of stress and stress mediators. European Journal of Pharmacology, 583(2-3), 174-185.

  34. Kirmayer, L. J., Tait, C. L., & Simpson, C. (2009). The mental health of Aboriginal peoples in Canada: Transformations of identity and community. In L. J. Kirmayer & G. G. Valaskakis (Eds.), Healing traditions: The mental health of Aboriginal peoples in Canada (pp. 3-35). Vancouver: UBC Press.

  35. Bombay, A., Matheson, K., & Anisman, H. (2014). The intergenerational effects of Indian Residential Schools: Implications for the concept of historical trauma. Transcultural Psychiatry, 51(3), 320-338.

  36. Boksa, P., Joober, R., & Kirmayer, L. J. (2015). Mental wellness in Canada’s Aboriginal communities: striving toward reconciliation. Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience, 40(6), 363-365.

  37. Drawson, A. S., Toombs, E., & Mushquash, C. J. (2017). Indigenous research methods: A systematic review. International Indigenous Policy Journal, 8(2).

  38. Kukutai, T., & Taylor, J. (2016). Indigenous data sovereignty: Toward an agenda. Canberra: ANU Press.

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